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Guides

Straight answers on 409A and UK EMI valuations.

Written for founders, finance teams, and counsel at technology and life science companies granting equity in the US, the UK, or both.

Guides

Guide The complete 409A guide Safe harbor, timing, the three-step calculation, sector issues, common mistakes, and what reviewers look for. Guide 409A valuations for UK companies When a UK company needs one, who counts as a US taxpayer, and why an EMI valuation is not enough. Guide The complete EMI valuation guide AMV and UMV, the VAL231 process, qualifying limits, how the value is calculated, and how EMI differs from 409A. Guide EMI vs 409A: do you need both? How the UK and US valuations differ, and what to do when you have employees in both countries. Guide 409A for pre-revenue biotech How a company with no revenue is valued, and how clinical milestones affect the timing of a grant. Guide 409A cost and timeline What drives the fee, typical market ranges by stage, and how to keep the process moving. Guide AMV vs UMV explained The two values in every EMI valuation: which sets the exercise price and which tests the limits.

Comparisons

Comparison EMI vs CSOP Eligibility, limits, tax treatment, and valuation for the two main UK option schemes. Comparison Independent advisor vs cap table software How a bundled 409A compares with an independent valuation firm, and when to switch.

Services

Service 409A Valuations Independent fair market value determinations for companies granting equity to US taxpayers. Service UK EMI Valuations HMRC-compliant AMV and UMV reports for companies granting EMI options. Service Cross-Border EMI & 409A Coordinated UK EMI and US 409A valuations from one engagement team.